Never

I must not give up.no matter what.
I would not.Never.
I believe in myself.
And i believe in Allah.

Saya nak ambil bidang farmasi.Tapi bagaimana caranya?

NEGARA masih kekurangan ahli-ahli farmasi sama ada di sektor kerajaan atau swasta.Tak percaya?Sebenarnya jumlah siswazah yang dilahirkan oleh universiti tempatan masih kecil bilangannya. So, kerajaan telah mewujudkan kursus farmasi di beberapa universiti tempatan, di samping menghantar pelajar ke luar negara bagi mengikuti program ini.Best kan?

Oleh itu, siswazah sains farmasi tak menghadapi masalah dalam mendapatkan pekerjaan memandangkan keperluan dan kepentingan yang mendesak.Ha tak caya lagi?

Antara peluang pekerjaan yang terbuka kepada siswazah sains farmasi ialah sebagai ahli farmasi, pegawai pendaftaran dan pemeriksaan ubat-ubatan di jabatan-jabatan kerajaan, pegawai penyelidik di institusi penyelidikan perubatan dan penyakit.

Mereka juga boleh bekerja sebagai pengurus bahagian pengeluaran, kawalan mutu dan pemasaran di firma-firma perusahaan farmasi, perunding dalam aspek ubatan-ubatan di samping bekerja sendiri.

Kerjaya di bidang ini mampu menawarkan pendapatan yang lumayan sekitar RM1,500 hingga RM2,000 terutama di sektor swasta, di samping ganjaran lain yang menarik.Atau mungkin lebih lagi.Wow!

Bagi yang berminat untuk membuka perniagaan sendiri, bidang farmasi berpotensi untuk berkembang apatah lagi pelbagai langkah telah dilakukan oleh kerajaan untuk menggalakkan rakyat negara ini menceburi bidang perniagaan.

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Syarat untuk menceburi bidang ini

Untuk menceburi bidang ini, seseorang itu harus memiliki sekurang-kurangnya Ijazah Sarjana Muda Farmasi dari universiti tempatan atau luar negara. Selepas memperolehi ijazah, mereka perlu mendaftar dengan Lembaga Farmasi Malaysia untuk mendapatkan pengiktirafan sebagai pegawai farmasi.Yes,kena dafter dulu okey?

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Tempat melanjutkan pengajian

Beberapa universiti tempatan ada menawarkan kursus farmasi di peringkat ijazah sarjana muda. Universiti-universiti itu ialah Universiti Islam Antarabangsa Malaysia (UIAM),Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), Universiti Malaya (UM) dan Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM). Universiti-universiti luar negara seperti Amerika Syarikat, Kanada, Australia dan Britian juga menawarkan program ini.Untuk sesiapa yg berminat nak gi luar negara,inilah peluangnya!

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Syarat yang diperlukan untuk melanjutkan pengajian

Terdapat beberapa cara untuk melanjutkan pengajian di bidang ini.

Cara pertama: Of course pelajar perlu mendapat kelulusan yang baik di peringkat Sijil Pelajaran Malaysia (SPM) aliran sains dan mendapat kepujian dalam mata pelajaran bahasa Melayu, Kimia, Biologi, Fizik, Matematik Tambahan dan Matematik. Kelulusan ini membolehkan pelajar mengikuti pengajian di peringkat matrikulasi atau asasi sains selama satu setengah tahun. Selepas tamat pengajian di peringkat ini, pelajar akan ditawarkan mengikuti pengajian farmasi di peringkat ijazah pertama untuk tempoh empat tahun.

Cara kedua: Pelajar akan terus ditawarkan ke peringkat ijazah sarjana muda. Pelajar perlu memperoleh sekurang-kurangnya prinsipal dalam mata pelajaran Biologi, Kimia dan Matematik di peringkat Sijil Tinggi Persekolahan Malaysia (STPM) atau setaraf dengannya. Pemegang Diploma Farmasi daripada Kementerian Kesihatan, Diploma Sains atau diploma lain yang berkaitan daripada institusi pengajian tinggi tempatan boleh memohon untuk mengikuti program ini.

Cara ketiga: Terdapat universiti seperti UKM mengambil calon melalui saluran kedua. Calon-calon yang memohon melalui cara ini perlu mendapat kepujian mata pelajaran bahasa Melayu serta lulus mata pelajaran Biologi, Kimia dan Matematik di peringkat SPM. Calon juga perlu mempunyai pengalaman kerja sekurang-kurangnya lima tahun di bidang berkaitan.Ya,kena kerja dulu. Misalnya sebagai pembantu farmasi atau jurujual ubat di syarikat farmaseutikal.

Cara keempat: Di bawah Rancangan Persediaan Khas Ke Jepun yang dikendalikan oleh Universiti Malaya (UM), calon perlu lulus Sijil Pelajaran Malaysia (SPM)/ SPM Vokasional (SPMV) dengan mendapat kepujian sekurang-kurangnya empat mata pelajaran terdiri daripada mata pelajaran Sains, Matematik dan teknikal.Oh boleh pergi negara Sakura juga.Untungnya!

**************************************************************************************************************************************

Peranan ahli farmasi lebih tertumpu kepada terapi ubatan iaitu memastikan ubat diberikan kepada pesakit dan orang ramai selamat, berkesan dan berkualiti serta memberi maklumat seperti kebaikan dan kesan sampingannya.

Mereka bertanggungjawab melindungi pesakit daripada ubat merbahaya, iklan ubat memperdayakan dan amalan perubatan yang salah menerusi penguatkuasaan akta dan peraturan berkaitan. 

Ahli farmasi juga bertanggungjawab mengenalpasti masalah pengambilan ubat pesakit dan cuba sedaya upaya mencari jalan penyelesaian kepada kesan sampingan dihadapi seperti alahan. 

Antara rutin ahli farmasi adalah memberi kaunseling mengenai ubat kepada pesakit dengan menjelaskan cara pengambilan ubat yang betul, memaklumkan kesan sampingan mungkin dialami, cara penyimpanan ubat serta makanan perlu dielak apabila mengambil sesetengah ubat. 

Ahli farmasi yang berkhidmat di hospital, katanya, akan turut ditempatkan di wad untuk menjalankan aktiviti farmasi klinikal termasuk memantau pengambilan ubat pesakit seperti menyaring ketepatan dos, ubat yang betul dan kekerapan pengambilan ubat yang sewajarnya. 

Mereka juga akan mendapatkan maklumat sejarah pengambilan ubat pesakit bagi memastikan tiada alahan dan memastikan pesakit tidak mencampur adukkan pengambilan ubat tradisional dengan ubat hospital kerana ia boleh mendatangkan kesan sampingan. 

Kini, aktiviti ahli farmasi juga kian berkembang apabila turut memberi perkhidmatan ‘Medication Therapy Adherence Clinic’ iaitu memberi kaunseling kepada pesakit sebelum mereka berjumpa pakar atau pegawai perubatan bagi memastikan tahap pematuhan pesakit terhadap ubat diambil.

Antara tugas lain dijalankan ahli farmasi di hospital adalah membuat pembelian ubat, memastikan pesakit diberikan ubat yang betul serta memastikan proses pemberian ubat berjalan lancar iaitu masa menunggu maksimum 20 minit mengikut saranan Kementerian Kesihatan. 

Antara cabaran dihadapi ahli farmasi kini adalah melaksanakan sepenuhnya Kempen Kenali Ubat Anda iaitu memastikan pesakit mengetahui nama ubat serta mengamalkan cara pengambilan betul termasuk dos, masa dan ubat yang betul. 

Ahli farmasi juga perlu memainkan peranan bagi meningkatkan kesedaran pengguna agar hanya mengambil ubat dari sumber boleh dipercayai seperti pegawai perubatan, klinik dan farmasi serta menghindari ubat dijual di kaki lima atau kedai runcit.

Peluang pekerjaan ahli farmasi bukan saja di hospital, malah boleh berkhidmat di farmasi komuniti pusat beli belah, pensyarah, pengurus produk di syarikat farmaseutikal, pegawai penguat kuasa Kementerian Kesihatan serta pegawai penyelidik. 

“Potensi kerjaya sebagai ahli farmasi adalah cerah kerana kerajaan kini dalam usaha mengurangkan nisbah penduduk kepada ahli farmasi daripada 1:4,335 kepada 1:2000. 

Persatuan Farmasi Malaysia juga dalam usaha mendapatkan ‘Dispensing Right’ ahli farmasi bagi membolehkan lebih banyak Farmasi Komuniti dibuka sekaligus membuka lebih banyak peluang pekerjaan bagi graduan bidang ini.

Kelayakan akademik bagi menjadi ahli farmasi adalah Ijazah Sarjana Muda Farmasi dan antara universiti yang menawarkan program ini adalah Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Universiti Malaya, Universiti Islam Antarabangsa Malaysia, Universiti Teknologi Mara serta Universiti Sains Malaysia.

Bidang Pengajian Sains Farmasi

Tahukan anda, mungkin ada antara kita yang mendapat tawaran pengajian sains farmasi.
Apakah  subjek sains farmasi ni? Konsep apa yang dipelajari? Apa prospek kerjayanya?

Pengajian sains farmasi ini juga salah satu bidang yang baik untuk korang pilih. Sejajar dengan kemajuan dunia serta cara hidup yang rendah kualitinya membuatkan ramai yang menghidapi penyakit walaupun penduduk yang semakin bertambah. Bidang sains farmasi ini banyak ditawarkan di universiti awam dan juga segelintir di universiti swasta. Contoh di peringkat ijazah ialah Ijazah Sarjana Muda Farmasi ( kepujian ). Kebiasaannya kursus ini tempoh belajarnya adalah 4 tahun.Kejap je kan?Heh...

Apakah yang dipelajari ?

Kebiasaanya bidang ini mempunyai target sukatan yang bercirikan seperti dibawah :

• Fisiologi, iaitu cara badan berfungsi untuk asas memahami tindakan dan kegunaan ubat yang diambil.
• Kimia Farmaseutik, peranan prinsip-prinsip kimia bagi mengkaji ubat-ubatan, sifat-sifat fizikokimianya dan perhubungan struktur dengan aktiviti biologi ubat, dan kaedah-kaedah analisis bagi mengawal dan mengenalpasti mutu ubat.
• Teknologi Farmaseutik, belajar cara memfomulasi dan menyediakan ubat dalam bentuk dos, rekabentuk dos baru, kaedah-kaedah perusahaan farmasi, pengawalan mutu, pengawalan mikrobiologi, serta aspek-aspek biofarmasi dan farmakokinetik untuk kegunaan pengguna.
• Farmasi sosial dan pentadbiran, belajar aspek-aspek farmasi sosial, pentadbiran, pengurusan seperti ekonomi, tingkahlaku dan dasar ubat ubatan.
• Farmakologi, ia lebih melibatkan penggunaan ubatan dalam rawatan termasuk cara penyerapan, taburan, metabolisme, ekskresi drug, mekanisme tindakan, kegunaan serta kesan sampingan.Surely ni paling mantap.You Know what I mean (==)v
• Farmasi klinikal, belajar kaedah memilih ubat untuk merawat dan mencegah penyakit-penyakit tertentu.

Kerjaya?

• Hospital adalah paling sinonim termasuk hospital-hospital di universiti, angkatan tentera, kerajaan dan juga swasta.
• Bertugas dalam pengurusan dalam syarikat-syarikat farmaseutikal Multi-nasional dan tempatan
• Menyambung pengajian sebagai pensyarah dengan terlibat dalam akademik dan penyelidikan.Ok,ini paling best dan paling kurang jumlah pharmacistnya!
• Terlibat dalam industri Farmaseutikal  ( pengeluaran dan jaminan, mutu, pemasaran serta penyelidikan dan pembangunan ubat-ubatan )
  Sekarang sudah boleh mula rancang kerjaya!

Know your drugs.

 
Most people use the term ‘drug’ and ‘medicine’ inter-changeably.
This write-up will touch on origin of drug’s name, its development process, managing your medication, drug dependant treatment and rehabilitation.

What is a “drug”?

“‘Drug’ includes any substance, product or article intended to be used or capable, or claimed to be capable, of being used on humans or any animal, whether internally or externally, for a medicinal purpose”—as defined under the ‘Sale of Drugs Act 1952, Section (2)’

“‘Medicinal purpose’ means any of the following purposes:

1. alleviating, treating, curing or preventing a disease or a pathological condition or symptoms of a disease;
   
2. diagnosing a disease
   
3. contraception;
   
4. inducing anaesthesia;
   
5. maintaining, modifying, preventing, restoring, or interfering with, the normal operation of a physiological function;
   
6. controlling body weight; and
   
7. general maintenance or promotion of health or well being.”
   

--as defined under the ‘Sale of Drugs Act 1952, Section (2)’

 

In addition to the above definition for ‘drug’, one also needs to bear in mind the following two related terms namely ‘Dangerous Drug’ and ‘Poisons’ that are also used to define various types of drugs:

“‘Dangerous Drug’ means any drug or substance which is for the time being comprised in the First Schedule of the ‘Dangerous Drug Act 1952’”. There are about 150 items that fall under this category.

 

“‘Poison’ means any substance specified by name in the first column of the Poisons List and includes any preparation, solution, compound, mixture or natural substance containing such substance, other than an exempted preparation or an article or preparation included for the time being in the Second Schedule of the ‘Poisons Act 1952’”. That includes all the products used for medicinal purpose.

 

How Does A Drug Get Its Name?

 

The manufacturer of a drug will coin a name that is submitted to INN for approval that may take 15 months to decide. Due to too many existing names, three or four names for any drug will be submitted just to avoid unexpected objection.

 

A drug will have two names: a brand name and a generic name.

 

A generic drug’s name should reflect the drug’s similarity to existing similar substance, and it should include the stem common to the group. Examples of the ‘stem’ are ‘-olol’ for beta-blockers (to control hypertension and manage angina pectoris), ‘-vastatin’ for 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A inhibitors (to treat hypercholesterolemia), and ‘-vudine’ for a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (to treat HIV infection).

 

Drugs with similar use or pharmacology should have a common stem. Problems do arise when a drug has more than one pharmacological action. Manufacturer have to select the prefer stem name, perhaps determined by the market potential.

 

The brand name of a drug, often created by ‘trademark consultant’ or ‘name-creation-agency’, is based on the company branding strategy. Some name is chosen to present a strong image (for the drug), while others may present a soft image or a reassuring image. Whatever the chosen name, the main purpose is to be able to earn maximum financial rewards.

 

World Health Organization set up ‘International Nonproprietary Names’ (INNs) in 1951 to co-ordinate the naming of drugs worldwide. Prior to it, the same drug may be named differently and it is impossible to change an existing name.

 

For example, American called a chemical entity “N-Acetyl-p-aminophenol”, ‘Acetaminophen’ while the British and European called it ‘Paracetamol’. Both names have co-existed since last world war.

 

In 1999, European Commission EC Directive 92/27 required all medicines (drugs) to be labeled with the recommended INN throughout Europe. It encountered problem with ‘Adrenaline’ that is commonly used almost throughout the world but is called ‘Epinephrine’ under INN naming system! It is quite impossible to register a new drug’s name without encountering objection from some sources.

 

Overview of Drug Development Process:

 

Before Second World War, most drugs were either natural products or extracts of natural products. Modern synthetic drugs began to emerge after 1945.

 

The development of a drug from an extract of a natural product or newly synthetic molecule by biotechnological process is a very challenging venture that pharmacists are best suited to undertake. It requires a broad-based knowledge in pharmaceutics, pharmacology, pharmaceutical technology, medicinal and synthetic chemistry, pharmaceutical and organic chemistry.

 

Drug development is a highly scientific, technical and entrepreneurial process. Only one out of 10,000 potential molecules will go through all the hurdles to become a new drug. Usually it requires about 1.5 to 2 billion ringgit (350 million sterling pounds) invested over 10 to 12 years period of intense research work to succeed!

 

Each drug goes through chemical, biotechnological and pharmaceutical development procedures, followed by animal toxicological studies, pharmacokinetic studies, animal trial studies, clinical trial in healthy humans, and post-marketing monitoring on any side effect and adverse drug interactions. 

 

Nobody can reliably predict which chemical compound can be developed successfully into a new drug. Initial studies on a new compound are done in vitro (that means in laboratory). The in vivo (or in vivace, meaning in a living creature) testing only begins at a later development stage.

 

A drug’s profile is gradually built up, with information on its chemical stability, metabolism pathway, distribution, absorption, and excretion in animals as well as humans. Some structural changes may be done to a molecule (also called molecule manipulation) during the screening process, aiming to find a molecule with optimal pharmacological action while having minimal toxic effect.

 

Who Should Manage Your Medication?

 

Each medicine (or drug) you take has the potential to cure (or lessen) the illness as well as the risk to harm you if inappropriate prescribed or calculated.

 

All registered medical doctors are qualified to diagnose your sickness and prescribe one or more suitable medicines for you. Then you should get a prescription sheet to a pharmacy to obtain your medicines. Only registered pharmacists have formally been qualified in medicine dispensing throughout the whole world.

 

A doctor should diagnose your sickness and prescribe a drug for you. Then a pharmacist should dispense your prescription and advise you on how to manage your medication in order to achieve quality clinical outcome. This is like a company’s account that has been properly audited. Our medication is certainly as important as our finance, and all prescriptions ought to be screened for your safety!

 

Medicines are not like ordinary goods. You should only obtain them from reliable and qualified professionals. Do not compromise on this matter because you have only one life to live.

 

Problems With Drug Withdrawal

 

Drug withdrawal may arise physically and mentally when a person is abruptly deprived of the drug that he/she is accustomed to regular dosing. Symptoms may include nausea, shaking, vomiting, anxiety, weight lost, and paranoid. Severity of withdrawal symptoms depends on the type of drug, quantity used and duration of previous uses.

 

Some drug withdrawal symptoms may be severe or even life threatening. Common withdrawal conditions are due to either drug or alcohol. Qualified healthcare professionals should treat both clinical conditions.

 

You may seek treatment or rehabilitation, especially for narcotic drugs addiction, from either the government or private managed centers that may be found in any state. Drug addicts may also be sentenced by a Court to undergo treatment and rehabilitation.

 

There are 31 private sector centers that are registered with the Ministry of Home Affairs, National Narcotics Agency.

 

Drug Dependants: Treatment and Rehabilitation

Treatment and rehabilitation of drug dependants are regulated by ‘Drug Dependants (Treatment and Rehabilitation) Act 1983, its Rules 1983, and Drug Rehabilitation Centre Rules 1983.

 

Any Social Welfare Officer, a police officer not below the rank of Sergeant, or a Rehabilitation Officer may take into custody any person whom he reasonably suspects to be a drug dependant for a period not exceeding 24 hours at any appropriate place for the purpose of undergoing tests.

 

If the tests cannot be completed within 24 hours, the person may be released on bail, or the person may be produced before a Magistrate. The Magistrate may detain him for a period not exceeding 14 days to undergo tests or may release him on bail.

 

Any person who is a drug dependant may apply to a Rehabilitation Officer to be provided with treatment and rehabilitation. A government medical officer or a registered medical practitioner needs to certify, through tests, the drug dependency of the applicant. Usually treatment and rehabilitation period is 2 years. The drug dependant will be required to contribute towards the cost of maintenance, treatment and rehabilitation.

 

Drug: A good servant but a bad master?

 

Drug will serve any person faithfully when adequate instruction is given. It works like an obedient servant. However, it can kill without hesitation if people give it incorrect instruction!

 

Drug Formulation and Manufacturing:

 

Many people wonder how a tablet, capsule or injection comes about. Among all the healthcare professionals, pharmacists are the only group who has learnt the science and art of formulating and manufacturing drugs.

 

Information Source:

http://firsttelepharma.com.my/node/21

Baru update!

            Salam rindu rinduan buat semua silent readers sekalian...Hahaaha padahal aq lah yg bermonolog sendirian berhad di sini.Sebenarnya aq tkde idea sgt pon nk taip apa setelah beberapa hari cuti selepas habis final exam sem 2 tahun 2 di kuliyah farmasi tercinta di UIA Kuantan baru baru ni ha.Aq cdg nk tulis pasal info2 medicine yg terkenal kt Malaysia, tu pun kalo sempat...Doakan ya...

  Lagi 2 minggu lebih dh nk puasa...kjap ja kan masa berlalu...ni kah tanda akhir zaman?? Entahlah aq pun tak tau...

       Baru2 nie aq ade baca entri2 Blog Budak Tomato.Sentap siot baca dia punya penulisan.Dengar cerita dia budak Medic, bakal Doktor.Misteri betul orgnya sbb tk pernah tunjuk muka.Rasa jeles ngn tulisan dia.Nak tiru je.Tapi tk reti.Ade org kata tulisan dia macam Hlovate.Penuh makna.Sumpah nk tiru gaya bahasa dia...aq hrp tulisan aq dpt difahami dn disukai org lain....semoga impianku utk capai thp best spt tulisan Mato n Hlovate tercapai...amin....